Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Ib Tok Essay Samples

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Ib Tok Essay Samples The Good, the Bad and Ib Tok Essay Samples Because the subject matter of the training course is defined regarding knowledge difficulties, there isn't any limit to the valid questions that may emerge in a TOK program. Your knowledge question should enable a number of viewpoints so you are not as limited when developing your ToK essay. Making certain your evidence actually supports your claim is among the toughest characteristics of the essay. In TOK they have the chance to step back from this relentless acquisition of new understanding, to be able to consider knowledge troubles. The primary goal is to specify a universal standard to high-school students who dwell in various countries all over the world. Regardless of the mention of technology, it would be best to put attention to the association between shared and personal understanding. Don't be afraid to give us a try as we guarantee to give you the most effective possible service you're able to acquire online. You may also consider looking at an exemplar online for each question which you're thinking about. Writing Metier has all of the perfect tricks under its sleeves as soon as it comes to constructing the ideal ToK essay for you. This video and audio course will offer you all of the secrets you should do it. Examine this issue by employing psychological and sociological concepts. If you believe you can develop a specific issue with own thoughts and expertise, this topic is ideal for you. Second, you must make sure to want to know more about the subject. That's the only means you can be certain that your essay is authentic and original. If you're writing a TOK essay as a distinct assignment and in the event the topic was chosen by yourself, you're free to choose the term count limit unless it properly discusses the info. Every sort of essay discussion has to get an outline as that is an essential part of a successfully written article. Along with this, if you're in need of a ToK essay on an urgent basis, we provide the facility of finding the essay in 3 hours deadline. Begin with an introductory paragraph, where you provide background information along with explain the topic and the range of research specifically. You might cover the subject of privilege here. Ib Tok Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! Therefore, be prepared that the job of writing a TOK essay won't be easy. Your thesis and introductory paragraph is really going to drive the duration of your essay. It is crucial to stock to a particular mode of TOK essay organization. Our crew of experienced IB writers are here to assist you with all your IB needs. As an IB student, you are conversant with each of the regions of knowledge. If you want to find more information regarding the deadline for a specific school, please contact that school directly. If your school isn't one already, learn to turn into an IB World School as a way to implement the DP. Schools and supervisors are strongly advised to set internal deadlines for different phases of the different TOK components. Look out for the TOK essay word limit as things can acquire deep and wordy in this portion of the TOK writing. Accordingly, in the event of a TOK essay, the conclusion doesn't differ from the remainder of academic papers. Be certain that it is very well thought out, and that you are able to back up your thesis with a good deal of evidence also. All science is critical. No, there's no particular word limit in TOK essays. Don't overlook the word limit, which couldnot exceed 1,600 words, otherwise it is going to be penalized. Ensure you provide a counter-argument alongside with your principal argument. Provide solid reasons to strengthen your argument.

Adult Dental Health Survey 2013 - 913 Words

Adult Dental Health Survey 2009 It’s fifth in line of the national dental surveys since 1968. Carried out in England, Wales and Northern Ireland with aims to review changes over time in dental health, knowledge people about dental care and examine their experiences. Summary- There is visible improvement in all three areas in age group 20-45. There is noticeable connection between regular brushing and longer lasting teeth and overall better health. From the position of attendance- majority of the adults attended regularly at least every 2 years and even it’s still difficult to find NHS dentist vast majority of the adults manage book and attend appointment. There is higher rate of the carries in the families from manual occupations†¦show more content†¦Acidic foods and drinks can be just as harmful. The acid erodes enamel, exposing the dentine underneath and causing teeth sensitivity. The lower the pH, the more acidic the product is. Anything with a pH value lower than 5.5 may cause erosion: †¢ mineral water (still) pH 7.6 †¢ milk pH 6.9 †¢ cheddar cheese pH 5.9 †¢ lager pH 4.4 †¢ orange juice pH 3.8 †¢ grapefruit pH 3.3 †¢ pickles pH 3.2 †¢ cola pH 2.5 †¢ red wine pH 2.5 †¢ vinegar pH 2.0 4) What food is best to avoid? The World Health Organization advises that daily intake of free sugars should be 25g for women (approximately five-six teaspoons) and 35g for men (seven-eight teaspoons). Everybody knows the foods like sweets and chocolate, cakes and biscuits, pastries, jam, honey, ice cream, contains loads of sugar, but not everybody realizes, there is also loads of sugar in products such as breakfast cereals, fruit in syrup, dried fruit, pasta sauces or ketchup. How much sugar is in†¦.? †¢ Milky Way bar (58g) - 8.75 ts of sugar †¢ Twix bar (50.7g) - 6 ts of sugar †¢ Alpen - 5.75 ts of sugar †¢ Cheerios - 1 ts of sugar †¢ Corn Flakes - 2.4 ts of sugar †¢ Cocoa Krispies - 9.75 ts of sugar †¢ Raisin Bran - 7.75 ts of sugar †¢ Rice Krispies - 2.5 ts of sugar †¢ Special K - 3 ts of sugar †¢ Shredded Wheat - 0.1 ts of sugar †¢ Mangos - 3.2 ts of sugar †¢ Bananas - 3 ts of sugar †¢ Apples - 2.6 ts of sugar †¢ Grapes - 4 ts of sugar †¢ StrawberriesShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of Public Health919 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Health Problem Identification (Agenda Setting) Cost Dental benefits for Medicaid adults are not federally mandated which poses a cost barrier for beneficiaries (Paradise Hinton, 2016; Mc-Ginn-Shapiro, 2008; Hinton Paradise, 2016; MACPAC, 2015). According to Saloner, Polsky, Kenney, Hempstead and Rhodes (2015), â€Å"A medical bill of $100 would represent about one-tenth of the monthly income of a single adult living at the poverty level. Thus, low-income adults will often delay or forego careRead MoreThe Benefits Of Medicaid In America1380 Words   |  6 PagesFoundation [KFF], 2012). Non-elderly, uninsured, childless adults who, prior to the legislation, were ineligible for Medicaid were the focus of this provision (KFF, 2012). As part of the Medicaid expansion, newly eligible adults must be offered alternative benefit plans (Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission [MACPAC], n.d.). Plans must provide 10 essential health benefits; none include dental coverage (preventative or emergency) for adults (MACPAC, n.d.). 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The progress of smoking occasionally to smoking every day is due to the highly addictive drug called nicotine. There are severalRead MoreHat Task 1 Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesCounty Michigan. I gathered data from several different resources such as the Kent County Health Department and Michigan Department of Community Health in order to create a community assessment. The data I collected can be broken down into four different assessment pieces. The first assessment piece is labeled population and economic status. I obtained the majority of this information from the Kent County Health Department. Kent County is located in the middle of West Michigan in the Southern PeninsulaRead MoreThe Affordable Health Care Act1024 Words   |  5 PagesObama. The law was passed that the number of Americans covered by health insurance would increase. In return, the cost of health care will decrease. What is the Affordable Health Care Act? 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Ethics - Leadership & Decision Making

Question: Write an essay on "Ethics, Leadership Decision Making ". Answer: Introduction This study is all about discussing ethical management practices and modern dilemmas which have been facing by many modern day organizations in Australia. Businesses can be tempted to make short-term gains by turning a blind eye to ethics (DesJardins McCall, 2014). It has been found in the recent literature that many firms regularly ignore ethical considerations despite the presence of codes of practice, regulatory compliance and largely increasing pressure from public front. Some even claim that a activities of businesses simply requires to comply with the regulatory framework. However, organizations failed to regard ethical concerns into their daily practices, undermine the wider economy of the nation and so much responsible for severe damage. There is a strong requirement of the ethical practice because an environmentally, socially ethical approach considers that the organization is protecting its reputation, its supply chain, its license to operate and having the best relationship with their partners. Furthermore, the best ethical practice also insights the firms ability to recruit talent. All this ethical considerations avoids corporate collapse as a result of fraud or litigation. However, the quality of leadership is an integral part of the ethical practice. BHP Billiton Plc, a leading global energy resource company, is also maintaining business practice focusing code of practice and other ethical considerations. But the company recently criticized for engaging much unethical compliance which are going to be highlighted in this assignment. Background of the Organization BHP Billion Plc, a leading resource provider of Australia, has been responsible for establishing value through the finding, development and conversion of natural resources. The main objective of the company is to make provision an innovative market focused solutions for highest customer satisfaction and ensure great return of shareholders. The Guide to Business Conduct is strongly influenced by the Charter of BHP Billiton. The company is known for its high ethical value for maintaining the business goals which definitely attained through fairness, honesty and integrity in their business practice. By this study, users will get a clear idea regarding the implication of ethical management practices. In that case, a leaders role is also significant in making ethical decision making. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the research is to highlight the significant role of the ethical practice and considerations in the organizational perspective and evaluate the role of leader in making ethical decision. Moreover, ethical leadership will also be highlighted for operating ethical business environment in the study of literature. Discussion Incorporate ethics into strategy is one of the prime managerial concerns for modern day organizations. While many of corporations routinely fall short to think about ethical factors, others have given themselves a competitive edge by engaging as many as strong CSR activities and ensured a strong social responsiveness among others Randall Gibson, 2013). Therefore, activities related to social responsibilities and ethics are interrelated with each other and management needs to know its implication in the practical field. However, there are many arguments regarding why such business ethics considered as valuable. According to Jones Gautschi III, (2013), an ethical conduct has moved front and centre as firms are increasingly exposed to the glare of scrutiny of public. Specifically, there has been a conventional shift over the previous few years that require a complete rethinking of the functions of compliance, social accountability and governance, considering ethics into the routine bu siness activities. For instance, BHP Billiton values safety and environment, integrity by their managing resource activities. However, limitations of compliance have been identified in the business practices which can be resolves if organization can effectively follow the ethical rules and regulations within their business practices. Modern managers have followed many managerial theories relating to ethics. Carolls three domain approach has been highlighted the ongoing debate over the suitable relationship between business and society. The importance of CSR activities have been classified into the following four groups. Responsibility regarding ethics: Those responsibilities of businesses include in this section which are essential but not covered by law, such as fair-trade Responsibility regarding economics: The responsibility of entities offering privately and products to the market place which are aligned to the requirement of the society in exchange for making profit. Responsibility regarding discretionary: The voluntary responsibilities, like philanthropy initiatives which are not necessarily projected by societies, but those are welcomed by the society because this has helped to build positive image for the business. Responsibilities regarding legal activities: It is important that the company needs to function within the legislative boundaries in order to accomplish objectives and aims of the business. All these above mentioned classification of CSR activities have been engaged differently by organizations. However, the common subject is that all are at an engagement to establish the corporate citizenship that implies a distinct representative role of the company in society. According to (), CSR activities depends on a level of effectiveness with which chosen activities are implemented than the choice of CSR activities. However, Tsalikis Fritzsche, (2013) strongly opposed with the fact that it is more important to choose the right CSR activities for businesses through which firms can create a positive image. To establish both the arguments at the management practice, both the author have been failed related to the fact that their discussions were largely universal and failed to provide a particular example in both the cases. Following the Carolls theory of CSR into the business practice, ethical considerations are new phenomenon in the business world. During the industrial revolut ion there are many corporations who have thrived on a strong philanthropic tradition. According to Grosser et al. (2014), CSR has become an integral part of the firms strategies and this is embedded into the management culture at all level. BHP Billiton and its subsidiaries disclosed their payment of taxes and royalties on a project-by project basis which are incorporated in the BHP Billiton Economic Contribution. Working with integrity is embedded in their corporate strategies with the help of BHP Billiton Charter. The code of business ethics up holds ethical business practices with company standards and guidelines. However, the company faced ethical dilemma related to Beijing Olympics. In the year of 2015, the Commission of US Securities and Exchange slapped BHP Billiton and fined $25 million for practices fixed for offering gifts to foreign government officials during 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing. This is a perfect example if an unethical behavior of the management of the mining company. The company has been charged for violating books and records and failed to control provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The organization has faced negative ethical consequences due to provide luxury travel packages to foreign government officials and their spouses at the 2008 Beijing Olympics (Webley Werner, 2008). The company was the official sponsor of the event. The intention of the company was to take advantage of its status as a sponsor with preferred access and thus BHP Billiton established a sponsorship program to reinforce and develop relationships with key stakeholders in China. According to the media report, this sponsorship program has seemed under the BHP Billitons anti-corruption compliance program on paper, however, no follow up was provided by the management of the company. According to Price, (2013) the business code of conduct should never been a tempted to make short term gains. But the companys Guide to Business Conduct covered financ ial inducements and restricted payments to influence individuals to award business opportunities to BHP Billiton or to make a business decision in the favor of the company. The company has maintained less moral attitudes and anticipated hypothetical scenarios for instance such sponsorship program covered wife of minister who was considering the application of the company for a permit (it was not) (Adhariani et al. 2014). These all ethical dilemmas have been identified by the Global Ethics Panel Subcommittee and advised later regarding ethical and compliance concerns. However, the company has failed to make any decision regarding the issues and it was criticized by the companys internal and external stakeholders (Hrisch et al. 2014). According to Shaw (2016), despite having a sufficient paper and structure, the compliance program failed to understand its priority and put the entire burden later on the shoulders of the business. Here the main ethical concerned was regarding not to rec ognize the anti-corruption risk in the companys compliance program due to short-term gained revenue (Kaptein Schwartz, 2012). Here in this situation, managers of BHP Billiton found in ethical dilemma due to have all alternative behaviors deemed undesirable because of potentially negative consequences. A conceptual framework of ethics of the business and management of the organization needs to be addresses moral and ethical values of the management (Reidenbach Robin, 2013). Just like the Carolls CSR classification theory, the managers often maintained good rapport between firms and others in its external and internal environment. Shareholder theory, developed by R.Edward Freeman is all about considering the shareholders presence and recognizes the efforts of the management to satisfy the interest of stakeholders in a business. The modern day implication of this theory, in the context of the business is quite relevant because this has been observed that organizations that manage their stakeholder relationship effectively will survive longer and perform better than firms they dont. To establishing a stable relationship, organizations ought to follow a integrated, transparent communication among stakeholders because they are the management base of the organization. Many stakeholders competencies are being suggested by Freeman: Make a commitment to monitor interest of stakeholders Strategies must be developed for dealing with stakeholders effectively and their concerns Ensuring that the functions of the firm address the needs of stakeholders However the best part of this theory is the ethical implication in the context of the stakeholders value. The current race of business scandals has brought more and more attention to the concept of the management of stakeholder (Bridoux Stoelhorst, 2014). According to Weiss, (2014), firms have many constituent groups and it is indeed important to maintain the support of these groups by considering and balancing their relevant interests. Stakeholders theory has been supported considering its organizational implications that both instrumental predictions and normative prescriptions has been fostered by this theory successfully and this is the reason it is still relevant in case of those interested in profits and those interested in ethics (Brower Mahajan, 2013). However, this theory has been criticized by (Huxham Vangen, 2013) because very little research has considered individual managerial decision making in this theoretical implications despite this theory considered manager as c entral part. When BHP Billiton owns Olympic Dam in South Australia, many of the researchers claimed that this would not an ethical investment made by the company. To become sustained their position as one of the largest uranium depositors and coal miners, the company has owned this dam. The company was found themselves in ethical dilemma while not holding the waste properly and the carbon blueprint of BHP. Further this has been evaluated that BHP Billitons have largest shareholders that any other companies in Australia. However, many controversial issues have risen in 2010 regarding the uranium investment funding because mostly smaller funds managers often avoid investing in companies with revenues from pharmaceuticals companies, old growth forest logging, tobacco, and uranium because test products on animals. This is a social consideration and ethical decision making not to involve in this kind of business practice, however, the company do not ready to avoid involve in uranium mini ng. Further the company faced a lot of criticism because a large section of shareholders of company were not ready to involve in this deal. It means that the company was not maintained a balancing ethical decision in the managerial practice for the overall benefits of the company. In the managerial practice, a perfect leader values everyones contributions and regularly seeks out opinions. However, many organizations find difficulties to take decisions keeping in mind the best interest of team. Valuing on best of leadership skills, the manager can take decision aimed at achieving particular ends by applying the available resources and ensuring a coherent and cohesive firm in the process (Van Wart, 2014). According to Armstrong Taylor (2014), leadership involves a type of responsive which helped to achieve the business objectives. Therefore, an ethical and transparent leadership is required for the overall growth of the organization. There are as many different views of leadership as there are characteristics that differentiate one leader to another. In this section, the concept of Servant Leadership theory is going to be figured out. Robert K. Greenleaf, first introduced this theory in 1970. Under this philosophy of leadership, every manager must be a good ser vant for the company. According to (Parris Peachey, 2013), servant leadership is not a leadership style it considers the behavior that a manager adopts over the longer term. Servant leaders must have many attributes like good learning skill, emotional balance, self awareness, persuasion and a poer of conceptualization. However the theory of Servant leadership would be problematic in case of applying this into managerial practice because leaders are expected to take all decisions under the culture of Autocratic. In that case, servant leaders may find difficulties to earn respects. Servant theory of leadership has many attributes common relate to the transformational leadership. Corporations must thrive in an environment characterized by many unpredictability and uncertainty as a result of constant social, technological, economic and political changes. Firms thus should try to business in the dynamic contexts which demand routine adaptation (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). In this context, transformational leadership guidance can provide transformed culture. There are several patterns of behavior under this leadership philosophy. According to Day et al. (2014), gaining trust and respect are the main concerns of transformational leaders. To more emphasizes the social dimension of the process, these leaders can be able to articulate the common purpose of the firm It means transformational leaders can be said to be a a model of integrity and fairness, setting transparent goals, having high expectations, encouraging people and provide support and recognition, stirring th e emotions and passions of the people and getting people to look beyond their own self-interests and reach for higher goals. Despite research has indicated that transformational leadership has many positive aspects for organizations, many scholars have found many disadvantages of this leadership. Beck Wiersema, (2013), criticized that transformational leadership style is a perfect, flawless, and idealized form of leadership which has less practicability. This is often debated in the study of leadership literature that transformational leaders can exploit their emotional appeal in a negative way. However, a moral development is significant characteristics of transformational leadership through which one can distinguish ethical transformational leader and unethical transformational leader. On the contrary, Thiel et al. (2012), positively stated that the collective vision can be established by this theory rather than the only interest of leaders. Both the above mentioned theory can be said that significant for making managerial decision. However, ethical decision making is challenging for any types of leadership. It has become impetrative to contemporary organizations to be able to recognize and deal with critical ethics of the business (Hoch Kozlowski, 2014). Due to many scandals, events, controversies occurred in the recent past, the organization tends to be more involved in ethical business practice after ensuring ethical decision making by managers. Here ethical decisions are those which are legally and morally acceptable to the community at large (Fernndez-Muiz et al. 2014). On the other side, unethical decisions are not being acceptable but still that may be taken based on the situational crisis, thus large community may be affected by this as well. Empirical findings indicate that stress of leaders does influence ethical decision making. For instance, BHP Billiton faced ethical dilemma just because managers have not c onsidered ethical values and consequences. An ethical guidance can prohibit illegal activities within the organization. More involvement in CSR of organizations can build up trust and integrity and more responsiveness among employees. In other way, managers ethical decision making directly influence several organizational and individual variables, such as job satisfaction, learning process, work experience and so on. Therefore, a sound ethical leadership can ensure the overall growth of the organization. Conclusion Ethical business practice is always desirable for business sustainability. However, organizations often involve in unethical, corrupted events and practices consciously or unconsciously. By this unethical behavior or a lack of CSR involvement may damage the reputation of the organization. Therefore, the organization must be viable in economical, social activities. To increase social responsiveness the organization needs to more involvement on CSR activities. For example, sustainability can be achieved to emphasize health and safety concerns and provide support to large community as well. With a strong integrity, delivering superior good and services is another common CSR activity of the organization. The largest conglomerate, BHP Billiton confronted several times for less responsiveness and irregular activities, despite the company is holding a prominent position in the mining industry all over the world. Apart from sponsorship events in Beijing, considered unethical practice in 2008 , the companys top executives were faced criticism for BHP Billitons abysmal record in the area of indigenous rights, climate change and environmental sustainability. According to the environmental and Social justice campaigners, the company was largely responsible for huge pollution however, the company opposed the fact and firmly replied that the company is already incorporated these environmental and social concerns into their operational ethics. Therefore, ethical and moral values should be an integral part of corporate mission, objectives for every company. By practicing more CSR, organizations can reduce disparity between its preferred value and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace. However, a value driven management practice must be included within the workplace. In that case, an effective leadership must be contributed in the managerial decision making. To enabling people to do the right thing, an ethical leadership shall be in practice and must adhere to a more universal standard of moral behavior. In this way, organization can establish ethical business environment where leaders value ethical decision making. References: Adhariani, D., Sciulli, N., Clift, R. (2014). An Analysis on Corporate Governance Practices Using the Feminist Ethics of Care Framework: A Study of BHP Billiton. Available at SSRN 2529927. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013). Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Beck, J. B., Wiersema, M. F. (2013). Executive decision making: Linking dynamic managerial capabilities to the resource portfolio and strategic outcomes. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 1548051812471722. Bridoux, F., Stoelhorst, J. W. (2014). Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives. Strategic Management Journal, 35(1), 107-125. Brower, J., Mahajan, V. (2013). Driven to be good: A stakeholder theory perspective on the drivers of corporate social performance. Journal of business ethics, 117(2), 313-331. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 63-82. DesJardins, J. R., McCall, J. J. (2014). Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Fernndez-Muiz, B., Montes-Pen, J. M., Vzquez-Ords, C. J. (2014). Safety leadership, risk management and safety performance in Spanish firms. Safety science, 70, 295-307. Grosser, K., Moon, J., Freeman, R. E., Nelson, J. (2014). Special Issue on: Gender, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility. Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(01), 155-158. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 99(3), 390. Hrisch, J., Freeman, R. E., Schaltegger, S. (2014). Applying Stakeholder Theory in Sustainability Management Links, Similarities, Dissimilarities, and a Conceptual Framework. Organization Environment, 27(4), 328-346. Huxham, C., Vangen, S. (2013). Managing to collaborate: The theory and practice of collaborative advantage. Routledge. Jennings, M. (2014). Business ethics: Case studies and selected readings. Cengage Learning. Jones, T. M., Gautschi III, F. H. (2013). Will the Ethics of Business Change? A Survey of Future Executives. In Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 481-504). Springer Netherlands. Kaptein, M., Schwartz, M. S. (2012). The effectiveness of business codes: A critical examination of existing studies and the development of an integrated research model. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(2), 111-127. Parris, D. L., Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of business ethics, 113(3), 377-393. Price, J. G. (2013). The challenges of mineral resources for society. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 501, 1-19. Randall, D. M., Gibson, A. M. (2013). Methodology in Business Ethics Research: A Review and Critical Assessment. In Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 191-211). Springer Netherlands. Reidenbach, R. E., Robin, D. P. (2013). Toward the Development of a Multidimensional Scale for Improving Evaluations of Business Ethics. In Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 45-67). Springer Netherlands. Shaw, W. (2016). Business ethics: A textbook with cases. Cengage Learning. Thiel, C. E., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J. F., Mumford, M. D. (2012). Leader ethical decision-making in organizations: Strategies for sensemaking. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 49-64. Tsalikis, J., Fritzsche, D. J. (2013). Business Ethics: A literature review with a focus on marketing ethics. In Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 337-404). Springer Netherlands. Van Wart, M. (2014). Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge. Webley, S., Werner, A. (2008). Corporate codes of ethics: Necessary but not sufficient. Business Ethics: A European Review, 17(4), 405-415. Weiss, J. W. (2014). Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Thomas Eliot Essay Example For Students

Thomas Eliot Essay T. S. Eliot was a very influential pessimist, always and constantly thriving on his hatred of little things and his love life. Eliot was born in St. Louis Missouri 1888 ad. His parents were both writers and loved the arts, most effectively passing on the genes to their son. While growing up he learned many things, his parents were extremely social and intellectual and they pushed him to achieve the highest of statuses. He went to college at Harvard University and then moved to London to go to Oxford. He then became a citizen of England in 1915. While in England Eliot held many jobs to keep the payments on his 5th floor English apartment and his college tuition. Eliot quickly became popular with Britain and was known as a great poet and a literal critic. Eliot is best known for two of his works: The Waste Land (1922) and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915). Actually the Love song is the beginning of the Waste Land. The Waste Land is in 5 parts, so it is more of a story in poetical form. In the Love Song, Eliot actually sounds a bit like a optimist, quite frankly though his own waste landsteps in half way through. We will write a custom essay on Thomas Eliot specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is his only poetic work I like. But it will never be at the top of any of my lists. In this song , JAP (J. Alfred Prufrock) is writing a letter to his honey, the girl he is in love with. In this poem Eliot uses a lot of visual imagery, he is very good with his adjectives and brings such a happy correlation of thought into a grim reality he would call his Waste Land. He talks of how : In the room the women come and go Talking of Michelangelo. TLSJAP stanza 13 and 14 It has been my thought that this may signify his type. Eliot, again was an intellectual and then o he would most likely hang out where the smart people were and get away from: Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels And sawdust restaurant with oyster-shells: Streets that follow like a tedious argument Of insidious intent. stanzas 6-9 He actually gives the evidence to where he found his women, and how he likes to stroll through the outdoors and ending up in places of eloquence, and High Society. Even though he had a medium amount of money. He was still accepted in places for lower pay because of his high intelligence and the intelligence of his women. People enjoyed his company. He goes on alking about how there will always be time for us referring to the love that which he shares for her, and that there will always be time for things, but letting each other look at the joy as present and the escape from his Waste Land. He goes on in stanza 37 48 telling how they would grow old together, while still with the people that surround them that they love so dearly. He then tells of how he knows things and how life always goes (evidence of realism) in stanzas 49 54. Now here you can start to sense his pessimistic side shed a bit, talking of the: To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ays, And how should I presume? Stanza 60 61 Of course I guess you could take that as a repentance line but, I dont think so, lets go on. From stanzas 70 86 it shows what I think is his deep side and talking as if he were actually a Realist which he probably was, at least to me. He humbles himself a great deal , which is good , but talks of how things slowly fade , referring a lot to his baldness and how age takes a toll on relationships. This is my favorite part of the poem, because he brings you into his soul, not just letting you taste the action . I feel that this is how he lived life. .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 , .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .postImageUrl , .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 , .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9:hover , .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9:visited , .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9:active { border:0!important; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9:active , .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9 .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufea0aadb935974a1226069b09d3c0ac9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Catcher In The Rye Symbolism EssayAlways leaving people to taste the good stuff around him but behind his eyes ly his brain and behind his brain his heart and when his company least expected it, I could see him waving his hands and saying, Come all! Come! Come! come and feel my pain come and pity me come and think I am humble.. even though I dont care much of any of you. That is the picture I get of JAP who is also Eliot, in life, but yet his background, his unnoticeable conscience. In stanza 87 98 he speaks of his anxiousness to ask people into his Waste land , is wanting to let them see his truth. Then he tries to cover for himself by saying: Should I say: That is not what I meant at all, That is not it, at all. stanzas 97 98 In stanzas 119 and finishing the poem at 131 he ends off, sorry to say, in a pessimistic tone of self pity and morbidity. He talks about his age weighing on his soul and never being what he wants to look like in the eyes of others and his eagerness in death by saying: We have lingered in the chambers of the sea By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown. anzas 129 131 That is a great background on how Eliot viewed life. Realistically and fading into the distance with love meaning nothing at all. Well, on to what is called T. S. Eliots Waste Land. To brief you on my thoughts I very much dislike this poem for many reason which will be laid out in the next couple paragraphs. The poem is simply a look in to the soul of Eliot, a man with great writing capabilities but uses them for the pleasure of striking his enemy and hiding the truth without being up-front, using stories of ancient myths in German and Latin to convey his apathy. Eliot throughout this whole poems loves to mock and scorn his ex-wife. Her sexual desire he could not satisfy and whose love he cannot return. T. S. Eliots Waste land. Page 98 by: James E. Miller. Jr. He uses many sexually explicit gestures in the writing because that was the only way his fantasies could be met through writing. I think the man is sick, hes full of crap! Eric Paoletti But he reveals his hatred toward her in these lines: More sinned against than sinning , bruised and marred, The lazy laughing Jenny of the Bard. The same eternal and consuming itch Can make a martyr and a onsuming bitch) There is much more but as you can see not very appropriate at all. Again this man won a Nobel Prize and was loved by Americans and the English. How on Earth did he achieve that? Probably because that is what the world is hungry for. Explains acts of fantasizing date rape and the hatred of his wife that he loved so much in the Love Letter, than leading into divorce. Overall if you ask me, T. S. Eliot didnt need fame, fortune and the Nobel Prize. He needed serious mental help and most importantly, the God he talked of so vaguely throughout his writing.

Big five personality dimensions

Big five personality dimensions Personality of individuals has been described using many theories in the past years. However, today the big five model of personality has been adopted and is widely used by many people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Big five personality dimensions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As cited in Hofstee (2003), research in many cultures on personality traits has found the five dimensions of the model present (Nevid, 2009). The big five model dimensions are urgency, agreeableness, adjustment, conscientiousness and openness to experience. This article will evaluate this model as used by one of the world leading managers Donald Trump. Urgency is also referred to as extroversion in the model. It is a character trait exhibited by extroverts. According to Nevid (2010), extroverts are people who are friendly, cheerful, tolerant, sympathetic outgoing and enthusiastic. This personality dimension â€Å"captures ones comfort lev el with relationships† as said by Robbins (2009). As a leader, Donald trump is said to be a very competitive person who creates an environmentally competitive surrounding for his employees in the workplace (Ramanaidu et al., 2010). This dimension is strongly used by Donald Trump especially in his show â€Å"The Apprentice† where a strongly extroverted trait is dominant through creating a strongly competitive environment for the contestants. Also as an extrovert, he promotes public events and initiatives like competitions by encouraging participants to strongly contribute. Agreeableness is the second dimension of the model. According to Robbins (2009), it is the tendency of an individual to yield to other people’s opinions. Therefore, this dimension explains how individuals respond to other people’s views. When an individual conforms easily, he is said to be agreeable. According to Nevid (2010), individuals strong in this dimension tend to be sensitive, coo perative with others, sympathetic, confident with others and are concerned with the feelings of other people. As suggested by Ramanaidu et al. (2010), Donald Trump has a low degree of agreeableness that demands detailed statements and proves of concepts before making any confirmations and acknowledgements. He particularly insists on performance measures using goals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conscientiousness is the third dimension of the model. Robbins (2009) states it â€Å"is a measure of reliability† (p 94). People who exhibit this are meditative, organized, pay attention to detail, ethical, ambitious, time conscious and reliable. Using this dimension, as suggested by Ramanaidu et al. (2010), Donald Trump is an optimistic and self confident person who used this dimension to build his Trump International Hotel. As an example, Trump is dependable in his directions and vision and despite obstacles, is centered on goal achievement. As a manager, Donald Trump is said to be strong in this dimension since he says that one should do what it takes to achieve his or her goals lawfully without shortcuts (Ramanaidu et al., 2010). The fourth dimension is adjustment which is also referred to as emotional stability or neuroticism. According to Robbins (2009), it is â€Å"a person’s ability to withstand stress† (94). These people are self confident, secure and they are tranquil. Ramanaidu et al. (2010) suggest that as a manager, Donald Trump is emotionally stable especially during contentious discussions where he concentrates on the end achievements. In his opinion, he is strong in calming his nerves during many situations. The last dimension is openness to experience. According to Robbins (2009), it relates to how people are open to change through accepting new thoughts and concepts. In this dimension, the individual traits ar e curiosity, imaginative, creative and sensitive to art (Robbins, 2009). Ramanaidu et al. (2010) suggest that Donald Trump is a strong person in openness to experiences throughout his career. This is seen through his many business ventures where he learns from the past and focuses on the present (Ramanaidu et al., 2010). References Nevid, J.S. (2010). Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Ramanaidu, M.N., Zain, S.M., Nor, N.A.M. Noor, N.D.M. (2010). Leadership (Donald Trump). Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia: Universiti Utara Malaysia Graduate School of Business. Retrieved from https://scribd.com/doc/71157576/Leadership-DonaldTrump-0920-Report-2Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Big five personality dimensions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Robbins, S.P. (2009). Organizational Behaviour: Global and Southern African Perspectives. South Africa: Pearson Education.

5 Reasons Why Summer Job Hunting Will Get You a Job

5 Reasons Why Summer Job Hunting Will Get You a Job You may think nothing happens in the summer. No one is really working or hiring, so you may as well take a break from your job search until Labor Day rolls around, right? Big mistake. The fact is there are still job offers to be found out there- even in the dog days. Remain at the top of the game, and hopefully one of those jobs will be yours for the taking. Here are 5 specific reasons why you should persevere in your hunt for the next great opportunity over the summer months.1. It’s the perfect time to take stockThis is particularly true if you’ve been looking for a new job for a few weeks or months. The summer is a good time marker. Take a step back and evaluate your progress. What has and hasn’t been working? Could you glam up your resume or LinkedIn profile a bit? Re-hone and rehearse your elevator pitch? Come up with a new strategy? The self-examining work you do now will pay off–not only over the summer, but throughout your career.2. You’ll ge t a leg up on the competitionWhile there are still jobs out there in the summer, there are far fewer applicants. Now that you’re in on the secret, you can be sure that your resume is circulating among far fewer resumes in the summer months. So while the other guys are at the beach, you’ll be making forward progress. Keep networking, keep applying. Keep your eye on the prize.3. Interviews are less complicated to scheduleYour workload has eased up a bit, and the same is probably true for recruiters. You’ll find it’s much easier to find a mutually convenient time to meet someone in the summer months. Plus, there’s often a more relaxed and casual feel in the office. And, if your boss is away, you won’t have to worry about lying to her when you duck out for an interview with a headhunter!4. Networking can be more casualJust like the office dress code, the professional networking scene eases up a bit in summer. Gone are the formal mixers and event s. You can try the â€Å"grab a burger and a beer† strategy, or perhaps join a league sports team. And when you’re relaxed? You probably appear more confident. There are many more opportunities for casual conversations. You can start with the weather or the Red Sox and end up with a job prospect.5. You’ll have time to reevaluateHow did your year go at your current job? How well were you compensated? How well did you meet your goals? If you have a dream job on the horizon, now’s a good time to take stock and figure out what skills and certifications you may need to acquire to get there. Confer with your time table and make sure you’re not straying too far from it.In short, use these slower months to kick your job searching butt into high gear! Your future fall self will thank you.

Popular American Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Popular American Culture - Essay Example American sport has become more than competitions with rules played on rinks, fields or diamonds. The current outset of sport is more than that struggle to reach the finish line, or a ball moving among athletes. What American sport has produced is more than the hero worship of winners and other usual trappings of sports that affect other societal aspects. Modern American sport has produced incredible dialogue about sports. The interest of American sport cuts across dividing lines of gender, ethnicity, income, age and geography. The world of American sport gives everyone a sense of belonging and shared language. As a result, this gives people extraordinary insights into American culture. Spectator sports attract large audiences since on the onset of the 1920s. Sports provide America with the people’s yearning for an increasingly impersonal practical society. The likes of Jack Dempsey became national idols for being winners. The focus was on those individuals whose talents flourished and made them appear larger than life. American football, which is considered the most popular sport in the United States, attracts more television viewers that any other spectator sport (Berman 45).The most professional American football league that is popular is the National Football League. It consists of 32 members, and its season lasts from September to December. The playoffs end in January and February with playoffs and the Super Bowl. The Super Bowl, which is the championship game, is the highest rated television show with over 100 million viewers per year. Baseball also draws large crowds. It is the oldest of the main American sports. Although it is no longer a popular sport, most people still refer to it as the national sport. Major baseball teams play almost every day unlike the professional levels of other popular sports. Soccer is rated the third sport that is most widely played in America (Berman 54). This has been a recent addition to American pastime, and it has gained popularity in the better half of the 2 0th century. Among other sports are ice hockey, tennis, boxing, golf and horse racing that bring so many people into their domain. American sport captivates many and increases duties and anxieties that go deeper than other industries. American sport is a way in which great relationships are constructed for generations who grow up following in similar footsteps. It is a haven from other societal struggles and an oasis of verifiable truth in the desert of modern life. All these perceptions give people a clue on the uniqueness of American culture. The modernity of American cultur

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Research Paper Example The government re-evaluated its pesticide policy to make it environmental friendly considering the book as a whistleblower. Without Silent Spring we would have still continued our poor pesticide policy reign without any room for betterment or re-consideration. When industrial revolution was at its peak, several people including Karl Marx warned about overproduction and the recession which will follow it. When slavery was at its peak, people like Harriet Beecher Stowe created works like "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which posed a moral question to the US population (Logomasini, 2007). Carson was the first person to raise a voice regarding environmental protection in her era. The first chapter of the book "A Fable for Tomorrow" describes a serene town which lived in co-existence with nature. The second chapter starts with the verse "The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings". According to Carson, humans are just a part of nature. Nature is not created to serve the mankind and trying to control nature for minor comforts will only lead to major discomforts. Rachel Carson known as "the nun of the nature" was born in Springdale in 1907. She grew up beside a factory in a landlocked area. She studied in Zoology the Pittsburgh Chatham University and later at the Johns Hopkins University. After completing a Master's degree she worked in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Her natural writing interest prompted her to contribute to magazines like the Reader's Digest (Griswold, 2012). She wrote three best sellers prior to Silent Spring, "The Sea around Us", "Under the Sea - Wind" and â€Å"The Edge of the Sea". Rachel was affected with severe breast cancer and suffered a painful death. Silent Spring emphasizes the theme, using pesticides to kill all the insects will eventually harm the food and the soil affecting the food chain, getting rid of all the bird species. The spring filled with bird chirrups and colourful bu tterflies will remain absolutely silent. The humans consuming this food constantly will suffer from various diseases and the cycle of birth will be banned. Throughout the seventeen chapters of the book, Carson continues to explain how aerial spraying of chemicals affects the natural food cycle by eliminating all the insects totally. The harvest in certain seasons might be high, but the chemicals used to kill the insects stays within the food grown and causes various diseases like cancer, to the people consuming the food. "Unlike the natural process of chemicals coming into the world where the earth takes millions of years to adjust to it, there is no such time for the earth to adjust to every synthetic chemical introduced into the world" states Carson. In her third chapter â€Å"Elixirs of Death† she goes on to explain about the origins of DDT and how it had been thrust upon the farmers after the World War II. She claims Dieldrin as a poison 40 times more harmful than DDT. It was a commonly used pesticide used to kill vermin in many parts of the US. The fourth chapter â€Å"Surface Water and Underground Seas† explores how the water washed into the seas and oceans from the chemically affected land shrinks our water sources endangering the whole humankind. It affects the fish in the sea and the birds consuming them too. Though these types of massacres are not intentionally planned, it is important to realize the side effects of using pesticides for high yield. The

Market Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Market Segmentation Essay A definition of market segmentation is groups of potential buyers that have two things in common, similar needs and a reaction to the marketing strategy. (Kerin, 188) There are four different segments to the market. They are geographic area, demographic focus, psychographic referring to lifestyle and behavioral which refers to where the person makes purchases, what they are looking for, how often they shop, and their reason for purchasing. Kerin, 193) A definition of target market is one or more groups of consumers that a company uses for purposes of market focus. The five criteria for selecting a target segment are, market size, growth expectation, competitive position, cost associated with reaching the segment, and compatibility with the objectives and resources of the organization. (Kerin, 198-199) where a target market is groups selected for company focus, market segmentation is used to divide potential buyers into more specific groups. The statement, â€Å" Sometimes a firm can achieve a key differential advantage by simply emphasizing how its offering satisfies existing consumer demands/desires and needs better than its competitors† can be very true in that a company can use what is already known about their customer base to identify their products best focus group. Companies can use this advantage to instill positive feeling about their products to their already existing customer base as well as competitor clientele. A marketing strategy called product repositioning can help a company to change the importance or usefulness of a product in a consumers mind in comparison to a competitor product. A company will use head to head positioning (pg. 202) in order to compete with suppliers of similar products. An example of this type of positioning is Pepsi vs. Coke. These two companies sell soda that the attempt to convince theirs and the opposing companies customers of buying. An example of a company, product, and positioning strategy is Splash Lagoon Water Park in Erie, PA. This company operates as an indoor water park resort type facility and serves mostly families with young children. They offer entertainment such as water slides, a wave pool, arcade, and laser tag. Their value to the consumer is advertised through television, internet, direct mailings, and word of mouth. They have nearby a competitor in Castaway Bay Water Park, which is owned by Geauga Lake, located in Ohio. Both of these companies offer similar product offerings and amenities. Splash Lagoon uses a head to head marketing approach in offering competitive rates, coupons, group discounts, and hotel accommodations much like that of its Castaway Bay competitors. Referring to the concept called managing the product life cycle, the statement, â€Å"Sometimes demand patterns must be modified for consumers to perceive a firms product differentiation as worthwhile. † This is seen in a variety of products offered from many different companies. Many companies will attempt to re-gain a consumers interest in a product or line by changing the formula or offering a different look for the packaging. Often times the familiarity of a certain product to a customer can cause them to overlook it when new and more appealing products enter the market. Many companies also add other products from their line in combination with a product to increase brand recognition. An example of a modification in managing the product life cycle is the Mr. Clean Magic eraser. The product has a very large consumer popularity. There are now many other companies manufacturing the same type of product and offering it for a lower cost. The Magic Eraser was improved by the company by giving several different options available. The original brand product is still available in addition to larger versions of the same product, multi pack options, and recently marketed a bathroom specific eraser product containing Febreeze cleaning solution to increase consumer interest.

Essay --

As a basic knowledge, solids that caught or settled within the treatment process can be reused or disposed in an environmental friendly way. Rule such as safety wastewater treatment has to be implemented to the wastewater solids is regulated by several federal laws, including the Clean Water Act (CWA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and so on. Recently, most of the biosolids produced is either reused as a soil conditioner, fertilizer or disposed by incinerated and land filled. As a matter of fact, biosolids have to be stabilized first to control odours and reduces the microbial population by thickening, composting, heat treatments, drying, conditioning and dewatering. Lime, ferric chloride, alum or polymers are used to condition the biosolids as to produce larger particles for easier removal and prepared for further dewatering. Dewatering processes include vacuum filtration, pressure filtration, and centrifuges. The process of decomposing volatile material naturally is known as digestion (a type of stabilization method), manages to reduce the odour, yields biologically stable end product (aerobic digestion) and produces methane gas (anaerobic digestion). After stabilization, the biosolids are either introduced to land application or disposed after incineration. Biosolids can act as fertilizer and soil conditioner, as they contain organic matters (nutrients) for the plants and manage to amend poor soil structure land due to practices such as construction activities. Moreover, biosolids can be incinerated (burned) to ashes, having high fuel value as a result. Pressure filtration dewatering equipment is basically used or refuse-derived fuel is added to obtain biosolids which are sufficiently dry to take advantage of... ... manage to direct the wastewater reclamation plants to meet the quality requirements of intended reuse applications. (National Academies, 2012) Disposal of municipal wastewater have been distributed into two categories, which are those that discharge directly to surface water and those that discharge to land. Surface water discharge economically has been preferred because it provides rapid mixing of effluent with surface water, and is the least expensive discharge option. Nonetheless, indirect discharge to groundwater or hyporheic water may be more environmentally beneficial if planned, installed, and operated correctly. There are also many methods for land discharge, for example, discharge into two to three feet wide and two feet deep of ground trench and added in successive layers until the lagoons is completely filled. (Department of Environmental Quality, 2007)

Eco Polo Essay

1) Identify the change in total revenue (the marginal revenue) from the fourth shirt per day. What price reduction was necessary to sell four rather than three shirts? Marginal revenue for the fourth shirt is $41 even though it price is $44. Price reduction is $1 which is from $45 to $44. 2) What is the change in total revenue from lowering the price to sell seven rather than six shirts in each color each day? The change in total revenue from selling seventh shirts rather than sixth shirts is $28.The marginal revenue of the seventh shirt is $28. The seventh shirt brings in $38.31, which is the selling price. 3) Break out the components of the $28 marginal revenue from the seventh unit sale at $38.31- that is, how much revenue is lost per unit sale relative to the price that would â€Å"move† six shirts per color per day? Selling the seventh shirt per day at a price of $38.31 required reducing the price from $40 to $38.31. Total revenue increased from $240 to $268, a $28 increa se. If the company charged $28 for the shirt, the last shirt yielded exactly the same revenue as its cost her. 4) Calculate the total revenue for selling 10-16 shirts per day. Calculate the reduced prices necessary to achieve each of these sales rates. The highlighted part of the table shows the prices and revenue for 10-18 shirts. 5) What number of shirts unit sales most pleases a sales clerk with sales commission-based bonuses? Sales personnel is targeted on receiving the commission from the product they sell ( a given percentage of sales revenue ). So, they would prefer the $24.07 price, where total revenue is $361 selling 15 shirts a day. 6) Would you recommend lowering price to the level required to generate 15 unit sales per day? Why or why not? The company should not lowering the price to generate 15 sales per day. By lowering the rpice, the company only face a loss of $59 ( $361-$420 ).This is absolutely not a profit maximization because MC>MR. 7) What is the operating profit or loss on the fifteenth shirt sold per color per day? What about the twelfth? The tenth? The marginal operating profit for the fifteenth shirt is $-28. For the twelfth shirt, the marginal operating profit is is $-18. For the tenth shirt, the marginal operating profit is $-12. 8) How many shirts do you recommend selling per color per day? What then is your recommended dollar markup and markup percentage? What dollar margin and percentage margin is that? Optimal (profit maximizing) is where MR=MC, which is at 7 shirt at the  selling price of $38.31 per shirt. The optimal dollar markup is $10.31, the optimal percentage markup is 36.83%, and the dollar margin and percentage margin are $10.31 and 26.91% respectively.

Blackmores Company

The company has many options in its bid to enter into China. The company has the option of using the resource-based view of strategy. This strategy has a coherence and integrative role that places it at a better position than other mechanisms of strategic decision making. This is in view of the fact that companies are not restrained only by imagination. They are limited by their own capabilities, by competition, by technology, and by the demands of their customers. The strategy of many businesses is usually concerned with the match between the internal capabilities of the company and its external environment (Peteraf 1993).The opportunity for the company to sustain competitive advantage in Shanghai will be made possible by its strengths and determined by its capabilities. The companywill use its distinctive capabilities as these are those which cannot be copied by competitors, or can only be replicated with great difficulty. This is even after these competitors realise the benefits w hich they yield for the originating company (Montgomery 1995). The distinctive capabilities that the company can use are varied.Government licences, statutory monopolies, or effective copyrights and patents are the company's distinctive capabilities that it will focus on. However, in light of the competition, it can use equally powerful idiosyncratic characteristics that it has built built in competitive markets. These include patterns of customer or supplier relationships, strong brands, and skills, routines and knowledge which are embedded in the company's teams (Montgomery 1995). The strength of the brand will be particularly be taken into consideration as this will strongly determine whether the products are accepted by the targeted clients or not.The issues of the diverse cultures of the Chinese people will be taken into consideration and it will also be ensured that the products are also branded in Chinese in addition to the English language (Montgomery 1995). Skills of employ ees will also be an important factor in entering the Chinese market. The company will recruit a considerable number of locals beforehand who are specialized on various levels from manufacturing to marketing. This will help it gain entry easily into the market and also penetrate the market faster.In this way, locals will not feel alienated to the company and its products (Shelby 2002). The company will identify its distinctive capabilities and then will surround these with a collection of reproducible capabilities, or complementary assets. This will enable the company to sell its distinctive capabilities in the China market in which it will operate (Day, and Montgomery 1999). The company will use its resources such as capital, equipment, the skills of individual employees, finances, patents and individual managers.Competitive advantage may not be achieved from individual resources. It is achieved through the synergistic integration and combination of sets of resources (Shelby, Morgan 2004). The company will also integrate the industry based strategy in the enty to the China market. The fundamental imperative of using the industry-based strategy will be to achieve competitive advantage, and therefore, superior financial performance. The company has been making good profits and this should serve as leverage as this indicates customer satisfaction with its products.The company will choose will have the option of modifying its structure or selecting one of the three generic strategies. It will also manage the activities of its value chain (Shelby 2002). In following the results in recent research in emerging economies which China is part of argues that an institution-based starategy will also be used by the company. This will be in line with view of international business strategy. The instituiton based strategy is positioned as one leg that helps sustain what is known as the â€Å"strategy tripod†. The the other two legs consisting of the resource and indus try based views (Peng, 2002).The company will concentrate on two areas of substantive importance when venturin into the Shnghai market. It will consider antidumping as an entry barrier. The company will ensure that its products, vitamin and mineral supplements are of quality and are not seen by the target China market as dumped products. this will aslo take care of the subsequent rejection of the company's products by consumers. It will look into the options of competing in and out of China as Shanhai being a big city can serve as a focal point for the company to market and sell its vitamin products (Peng, 2002).Using the institution based strategy , the company will also rely on grouping together of companies with similar interests, that is, those manufacturing and selling vitamin products. The company will will identify companoies whose work it is interested in and see if they can make a merger deal or a joint marketing deal. This could help the company in establishing itself in C hina by corporating with companies that already have cut a niche in the Chinese market. However, this is subject to the conditions of the market. The company intends to enter solo in the Chinese market.It will only consider the possibility of group marketing and mergers if the market is tough. This is not something that is anticipated as the company intends to market its products aggresively using experience form other country markets it has ventured into (Barney, 1997). Reference Barney J. 1997. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management 17. Day, G. S. , and David B. Montgomery. 1999. Charting new directions for marketing. Journal of Marketing 63 (special issue): 3–13. Montgomery C. A. 1995. Of diamonds and rust In C. A Montgomery (ed) Resource Based and evolutionary theories of the Firm, Kluwes, Boston.Peng, W. M. 2002. Towards an Institution-Based View of Business Strategy. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. Volume 19, No. 2-3, 251-267. Pete raf M. A. 1993. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource Based View Strategic Management Journal 14. Rumelt R. P. 1991. â€Å"Strategic Management & Economics† pages 5-29. Schendel D Strategic Management Journal, Vol 2. & Teece D. J. Shelby, D. H. 2002. Foundations of Marketing Theory; Toward a General Theory of Marketing. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Shelby, D. H. , Morgan, R. M. 2004. Review of Marketing Research. Volume 1, 155-205.

Extraorinary Conflicts essays

Extraorinary Conflicts essays Ordinary People by Judith Guest is a very emotional book that deals with many thoughts and actions about life and suicide. A lot of people would have different opinions or perspectives about this story. My thesis question for this book is: Does the author Judith Guest try to prove that even the perfect family can fall apart? In this novel, regular or ordinary people have to learn to cope with many extraordinary crises. In Ordinary People, Conrad Jarrett is a seventeen year old boy attending a public high school in the suburbs of Illinois. He and his family go through many stressful struggles after Conrads brother Jordan dies in a boating accident. Jordans death influences Conrad so much that he even cuts up his wrists and tries to commit suicide but he does not die. Conrad struggles with a lot of things including school, quitting the swimming team, and his friends. Conrads mother Beth, is a perfectionist and is always concerned about the way people view her and her family. She wishes for everyone to see them as normal. Conrads Dad Cal feels he is somewhat responsible for Conrads suicide attempt. He also believes that Conrad and Beth are drifting away from each other and he doesnt know who to follow. The story ends when Beth leaves home to go away for a while because she cant get along with her family. In this book, the title does give a clue about a possible theme. The term ordinary people is mentioned several times in this book. There can be many different themes for this book although my theme did not come from the title. My theme is: even a perfect family can fall apart and sometimes fall into a mental stress, due to a life changing event. I think this because everything is perfect before Jordan dies. Everything and everyone seems to fall apart after his accident. For example, Conrad attempts to ...

How to Self-Publish a Graphic Novel

How to Self-Publish a Graphic Novel How to Self-Publish a Graphic Novel Crowdfunding the graphic novel on KickstarterKickstarter is a fantastic platform but it's an incredible amount of work. Aside from the lengthy setup, I spent 50 days busting my backside to reach my funding limit, broadcasting tweets, securing guest blogs, sending emails and generally pestering people to help me raise the money. If I could convey any advice on crowdfunding it's not to underestimate the effort it takes to reach your goal.With the help of 166 backers, I was lucky enough to raise  £5,617 for The Written Graphic Novel. As you can imagine I was incredibly pleased, even though the real work was now to begin.The first step was to get the artwork done. This was down to Mike Shipley, my fantastic artist. With the help of a dozen mood-boards, we spent several months plotting out how the artwork could sit alongside the story. After storyboarding each page, all 130 of them, Mike got stuck in.A year and five months after we launched the project, we hit the preparation stage. Eve n though I'm an expert in self-publishing and tour the UK teaching fellow authors how to self-publish books, publishing a graphic novel was new territory for me. As I do all the typesetting for my print books, there was a steep learning curve, consisting of ink densities, DPIs, CMYK versus RGB, PDF compression, and all the other aspects that come with moving from black and white print-ready files to full-color printing. However, it was a rewarding process. It taught me a lot, and I was especially glad for the experience as I was able to pass the knowledge onto the authors that I help self-publish.Formatting and self-publishingNow publishing the print version, even though it took a bit of back and forth with  Ingram Spark, a very helpful and major print-on-demand company, was relatively straight forward. It took a few months to process but by December the paperback was out across the globe in a range of stores. It was now time to turn my attention to creating the eBook version â₠¬â€œ the more technical of the two.With eBook formatting, there are a few more aspects to consider compared to typesetting. There are two major eBook formats, multiple types of eReaders, screen sizes and even orientations to bear in mind. I always recommend working with a professional when it comes to the technical job of formatting. The reading experience is very important indeed, and you want to get it spot on for your esteemed readers. That's why I took my own advice and turned to Reedsy to find myself the perfect technical formatter for the job.You can find The Written Graphic Novel and the rest of Ben Galley’s fantasy books at www.bengalley.com, His is self-publishing advice service can be found at www.shelfhelp.info.  Ben can be found being loquacious and attempting to be witty on Twitter (@BenGalley) or Facebook (/BenGalleyAuthor).Have you ever thought about  adapting your novel into a graphic novel? If no, what's stopping you? Let us know your thoughts, or any que stions for Ben, in the comments below!

Buddhism in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buddhism in India - Essay Example The history of Buddhism spans from the 6th century BCE to the present, starting with the birth of the Buddha Siddharta Gautama (History of Buddhism). India is considered to be the birthplace of Buddhism where Buddha found enlightenment at the age of 35. He then became to be known as Gautama Buddha, or simply "The Buddha", which means "the awakened one" (History of Buddhism). Buddha took much of his inspiration from the Indus Valley religions and traditions. Buddhism flourished in India during the dynasty of the Guptas (4th-6th century). Indian Buddhism weakened in the 7th century following White Hun and Islamic invasions. However, it enjoyed a strong revival under the Pala Empire, in which Mahayana Buddhism flourished between the 8th and the 12th century (History of Buddhism). Some non-Buddhist religion adopted many great things from Buddhism doctrine but spoke ill of Buddhism as well to discredit Buddhism. Some other religious fanatics also have persecuted the Buddhists, a process, which other foreign invaders of India followed until Buddhism was practically driven out of India (Buddhism in India). So by the dawn of the 20th century, Buddhism is limited only in some isolated places in India. Today, India is again appearing on the Buddhist map of the world due to the Angarika Dhammapala of Sri Lanka and great son of India Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (Dr. B. R. Ambedkar) the architect of modern Indian constitution. He after studying all existing religions of the world embarrassed Buddhism along with his five lakhs followers on 14th October 1956. Indians are awakening to their Buddhist past. Since then the Indians began to be surprised at the discovery of the Buddhist legacy. To talk of a "revival of Buddhism in modern India" is right in this sense of the discovery of the Buddhist heritage by Indians (Buddhism in India). Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is a dharmic religion with its origins in the prehistory of India. There are 9 million people around the world who are Jains today. Jainism was established by Mahavira in about 500 B. C. Mahavira was called 'Jina' meaning the big winner and from this name was derived the name of the religion. (Information on India). Mahavira's full name is Vardhamaan Mahavir, he was born in about 600BC. in the home of Siddharta the King of Kundgraam of Bihar province in India on the thirteenth day under the rising moon of Chaitra. He is considered to be the twenty-fourth or the last Teerthankar of Jainism (Mahavir Swami Nirvana). He became detached from the world on the death of his parents and left his home for the forest at the age of thirty. There he practiced very hard simple life until he attained enlightenment (Mahavir Swami Nirvana).

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Reading response - Essay Example However, there was a residency requirement attached to the law. The Dawe Act is related to the Homestead Act because both of them address land issues in the US. Dawe’s Act was enacted on February 8, 1887 and it was established to address the distribution of the Indian reservation Land among the individual tribesmen. Sponsored by Sen Henry Dawes, the act focused on ensuring that farmers receive land using a set suitability criteria. The inclusion of the provision to sale the public land after allotment led to its passage in the congress. The Supreme Court influenced the enactment of the 14th and 15th amendment by giving a wrong interpretation of the amendment. The move led to the violation of the rights of the people by the different states within the U.S. the decision of the court in the slaughterhouse incidence set precedent for the states to violate the rights of the people based on gender and race. After accruing wealth, Andrew Carnegie developed the gospel of wealth which focused on the development of an inclusive society where wealth would be ensured in the betterment of the society. The gospel was put into practice by him. Immediately after selling his company, he decided to use the money to upgrade and improve the education and the health sector. The move led to greater improvement of the society through provision of better health and education services. The gospel of wealth by Carnegie is an effective tool that can be used to solve the inequality in the world because it advocates for the sharing and using of the wealth in improving the society. Sharing of the wealth through the development of the foundations is vital because it ensures that different echelons of the society are able to access better service. The gospel of wealth focuses on trying to help others with the wealth created or generated. The focus of wealth accumulation should not be personal glory, but to deve lop the society through funding of better

Chinese Students Seek Places in US Universities Essay

Chinese Students Seek Places in US Universities - Essay Example The education sector has registered many changes because of the advent of technology and human demands and needs. Many Chinese students seek international education and often find their way into the United States of America. The open policy about education in the United States has promoted the influx of Chinese students into United States institutions. Education policy in the United States of America provides ample ground for international students because it does not restrict the needs of international students. Students look for quality education for their money. Since United States institutions have kept the result in quality education, it attracts many foreign students to apply for education in the United States. The number of Chinese students in the United States has increased showing a gain in international education trends. Research indicates that an increase in enrollment of international student by 3 percent. This figure translates to 690, 923 students. Students wish to grab education opportunities offered by institutions in America for their own benefit. The current world trends dictate the level of education that would usher a person into the job market. Many employers require certification from higher institutions which many Chinese students feel they are unable to attain while in the home country. Reports from the department of international students enrollment indicate that Chinese students are on the lead. Analysis by Open Door research indicates that a number of factors influence the current education trend in China and America. The report indicated that country policy is a major factor in contributing to international education trends (Marklein). For example, students from China find opportunity in United States institutions after the education system in China has locked them out. Stringent education policies in China have contributed to these developments.  

Relativism And Realism Debates

Relativism And Realism Debates Should psychology pursue the path of realism or relativism? Critically discuss the implications of the relativism realism debate for psychology. In the field of psychology, there is a debate amongst psychologists about which scientific approach to take when it comes to studying psychology. Whilst some psychologists prefer the realism approach, other psychologists prefer a different approach, relativism. The debate argues over which approach is the best theory for psychology to adopt; how research should be conducted, what assumptions can be made by psychologists, and which approach is the best way to gain knowledge about the world. So what is realism and what is relativism? Realism is what could be considered mainstream psychology, where knowledge about the world can be acquired through methodical and systematic experimentation. Fletcher (1996) states that realism is focused mainly on behaviour, and that empirical research is the cornerstone of the scientific method (pp. 409). This approach is widely used in psychology to study behaviour and to gain facts about the world, which can be used to build psychological theories (Cac ioppo, Semin Bertson, 2004, pp 215). Relativism, on the other hand, offers an alternative approach to realism. Relativism argues that the world is created by the human mind, and the realism approach is no more rational or trustworthy than ordinary thinking (Fletcher, 1996, pp. 410). Cacioppo, Semin and Bertson (2004) suggest that the relativism approach argues that theoreticians should recognize that all forms of theories are worthwhile and the key is to evaluate the relative informativeness of each theory (pp.219). This indicates that all theories are valid, but they are based upon the relative ideas and assumptions of the theoretician that put it forward. These relative ideas and assumptions of the theoretician are based on societal contexts which are part of the defining statement (Kagan, 1964, pp.131), meaning that what is stated is relative to the state of the individual and the context it is said in. But which approach should psychologists take and what does this mean for psy chology? The realism and relativism debate has been ongoing for a long time in the field of philosophy and more recently, psychology (Fletcher, 1996; Parker, 1998). In the field of philosophy, an empiricism approach has been widely abandoned in favour of a relativistic approach (Fletcher, 1996, pp. 410). However there is little consensus about which is the best approach to adopt by psychologists. There are arguments both for and against relativism and realism, and there are benefits to both approaches. This essay will look at both realism and relativism as philosophical approaches to psychology and which approach is more appropriate for the field. The realistic approach to psychology has been used in most psychological research that uses an experimental design. The assumption of the realism approach is that there is a real world that can be tested to establish facts; which experiments adopt to establish facts about behaviour. This, in a way, lends support for itself in psychology; by creating theories that can be tested, psychologists are able to predict behaviour, which is what some would say is the central aim of psychology (Gergen, 1973, pp. 317). Haig (2005) suggests that realism alone can offer an all-encompassing approach to psychology. It is argued by Haig (2005) that whilst there can be no proof that realism is a deficient philosophy for psychology, there is no need for other philosophical approaches to the field. However, it can be noted that this would be a very realist view; Haig (2005) needs proof that realism is deficient before it can be considered deficient. Whereas from a relativist point of view, proof would n ot be needed for realism to be considered a deficient philosophy, it would be relative to the context and person stating that it is deficient. This poses a problem; if realism is based on facts and wants proof that it does not provide an adequate philosophy, and relativism does not need facts or proof that realism is not an adequate philosophy, then a consensus of which approach is the most appropriate for psychology can never be made. One argument by Sankey (2004) suggests that the physical existence of the world provides evidence for a realist approach. It is suggested that the existence of the world around us does not depend on our thoughts, perceptions or experiences of it, it just exists. Whatever way we think about the world, or try to change parts of it (constructing buildings, growing crops, polluting the environment etc, pp.63), we did not create the world itself. It is argued that from this, human thoughts do not create the conception of reality, it is physically around us and this lends support to the realism approach. This would seem plausible, the fact that there are physical objects around us, that we can touch and interact with would suggest that there is a real world, and that we can acquire knowledge about that world. Sankey (2004) goes on to suggest that Mental representations are but a small part of a greater reality in which we find ourselves embedded. Any philosophy which seeks to ground our co nception of reality on our own mental representations commits the fundamental error of anthropocentrism, and should therefore be dismissed as fatally flawed, (pp.64). This suggests that by assuming that reality is evaluated exclusively through human representations of the world, relativism is flawed. It can also be noted that if relativists argue that all theories are worthwhile, then this argument by Sankey (2004) is perfectly reasonable in providing evidence for the realism approach. However, one thing that may go against this argument by Sankey (2004) is that there is no way of knowing whether everyone perceives the physical world around us in the same way or not. This means that the physical world as evidence for realism could be perceived in many different ways, suggesting that in fact a relativist approach is more appropriate for studying psychology. Whilst the realist approach lends support to the experimental side of psychology; enabling a psychologist to assume what they have found to be factual and free from representations, there is an increasing number of psychologists and psychological fields that are adopting a more relativist approach. These include social constructivism, discourse analysis and feminist psychology (Fletcher, 1996). But why adopt a relativist approach when a realism approach has been used so widely in the mainstream field of psychology? There are several arguments against using a realist philosophy for psychology. One argument that is highlighted by Fletcher (1996) is the idea that the empiricism approach to a lot of psychological research is based on a set of rules set out by psychologists that all experiments adhere to, for example significance levels (p.411). There is a question of why those particular values are deemed significant and why others are not, and what made those values significant. It can be supposed that somewhere along the line, humans decided what results could be considered significant and what results could not. This provides evidence for the relativism approach; everything is relative to the persons thoughts, assumptions and experiences. In this case results may only be significant to some people whilst the same set of results could be completely insignificant to others. However, because of the significance values used in the methodology employed by the realism approach, results that could seem significant to some people are deemed insignificant by the constraints of realist psychology. Rosnow and Rosethal (1989) criticise the methods of analysing data, stating that determining the particular level of significance of the data at which a null hypothesis will be rejected is essentially a personal decision, (pp.1277) which strengthens the argument that psychology is based on social constructs and is relative to the psychologist. The relativist argument that realis t methods are too dichotomous is also supported by Loftus (1996). Relativists have also rejected realist arguments that because we can physically touch and interact with our environment that this proves the world is real and that it can be tested in order to gain knowledge (e.g. Sankey, 2004). Edwards, Ashmore and Potter (1995) identified two arguments used against relativism, (being able to touch furniture and the reality of death) and argue that these are still socially constructed. Edwards, Ashmore and Potter (1995) suggest that a realist would hit a table and the resulting sound shows it is physical, and not socially constructed. The table, in the eyes of a realist, would be a real object that can be touched, physically in the real world. However, what Edwards, Ashmore and Potter (1995) argue is that the table, whilst displaying physical properties is still a socially constructed object. The person that hits the table experiences it as real, but only the part that is touched by the hand. In addition to this, how does anybody else watching the t able being hit know it is real (pp.29)? It is also argued that by hitting the table, it does not prove that tables continuing existence (pp.29), nor does it prove that everything else around that table and other objects in the world exists. This highlights a flaw in what realists would count as evidence that the world is real and free from human interpretations. Edwards, Ashmore and Potter (1995) also state that a realist would use death as evidence for a world that is free from human perceptions. It is said that a realist would ask how a relativist can question whether death is a reality or not. To dispute that death is a reality would seem immoral and it would be impossible to say that the death of something or someone is just a social construct. However, it is argued by Edwards, Ashmore and Potter (1995) that even death is socially constructed. It is suggested that when you look at death and everything that relates to it, for example, resurrection, the afterlife, survival of the spirit, the non-simultaneous criteria of brain death, the point when life support might as well be switched off, cryogenic suspension, the precise (how precise?) moment of death, (pp. 36), it becomes clear that there is a lot of social construction surrounding death. Along with the different ways it is possible to die, it is stated that everyone knows, these are c ategories which are as constructed as can be, (pp.36). This is a convincing argument for relativism; there are things in the world that appear to be reality, physical and factual. However, as shown in the case of death, there are more components to death than just the umbrella term which are clearly socially constructed. When someone dies, are they truly dead? What if they are, instead, reincarnated as something else? In a realist world, these questions would seem scientifically impossible to test which leads to the question of whether death can really be established as fact and a realistic truth. The way in which we would class someone as dead is only to the extent of our own knowledge, tools and assumptions, but this would mean death has to be classed as a social construct and not free of human interpretation. As presented, there is support for adopting a realist philosophy and there is support for adopting a relativist philosophy. So which approach is best for psychology? As previously stated, Fletcher (1996) highlights that realism has been overlooked in favour of a relativist approach in several areas of psychology, in particular, social constructivism, discourse analysis and feminist psychology. Within feminist psychology there has been an increasing use of relativist philosophy. A paper by Riger (1992) suggests that relativism is the most appropriate approach for studying women and feminism in psychology. It is suggested that gender is a socially constructed phenomenon; we are members of gender through our thoughts and actions rather than just having the gender of male and female. In addition to this, it is argued that the relations between men and women are a result of patterns of social organisation (pp.737). Therefore, it is suggested that psychology as a discipline should consider the social context of gender and womens activity, promoting the use of a relativist philosophy in this particular branch of psychology. Support for a relativist approach in psychology is provided by Hepburn (2000), who points out the advantages to using such a philosophy in feminist psychology. It is stated that relativism clears the way for addressing the many competing versions, contingencies, arguments and agendas that go with doing feminist research (pp.103). This suggests that the relativist assumption that all theories are valid, allows for the many different paths of research in feminist psychology to occur. Therefore, it also has to be considered whether a realist approach would be appropriate for feminist psychology. Gender differences in empiricist research do not take the social context and human perceptions of those gender differences, which could mean that psychologists who follow a realist approach to psychology may not know every reason for those gender differences. Therefore, it can be questioned whether or not empiricism really does gain factual knowledge about the world, if it does not take into account everything that could contribute to those facts. In this case, it would seem that for feminist psychology, realism would not be the most appropriate philosophy to adopt. In contrast, there are some that promote realism within feminist psychology. New (1998) defends realism as the most appropriate philosophy for feminist psychology to adopt. It is stated by New (1998) that despite realisms current resounding unpopularity among feminist theorists, they cannot do without it, (pp.366) suggesting that whilst relativism is popular within feminist psychology, there is also a need for realism. It is argued that realism is needed to understand the underlying concepts in the history of feminist psychology and to understand the knowledge that has already been obtained of feminist psychology, and this cannot be done without assuming that the relativist social constructions are also true. This could mean that in psychology, you cannot have relativism without realism. In order to understand the knowledge that is gained through a relativist approach it may mean that realism is also needed. In other words, if relativism argues that gender differences are a social co nstruction, then they have to assume that these social constructions are true and real. New (1998) adds to this by suggesting that when arguing the case for relativism, relativists have to regress to realism in order to articulate the case. In addition to this, Parker (1999) supports realism in other branches of psychology. In his paper against relativism in psychology, Parker (1999) points out that some psychologists believe realism warrants psychology as a real science. Therefore, this could mean that by adopting a realist approach psychology could be put in the same category as what are commonly called real sciences such as physics, chemistry and biology. This has implications for psychology as a science and not just for psychologists either. If psychology is classed as a real science, the results of psychological research may carry more weight in everyday life, where not everyone is aware of the debate between realism and relativism. Therefore, as presented with the example of feminist psychology, there is a strong case for both realism and relativism within psychology. This leaves the question of which approach to adopt for psychology up in the air; the debate seems to have no solid consensus of which approach to adopt. Even in the case of feminist psychology, which is suggested to have predominantly accepted the relativist approach, there are still some that argue for a realist philosophy (e.g. New, 1998). However, there may be other philosophical approaches more appropriate for psychology. For example, Cacioppo, Semin and Bertson (2004) evaluate instrumentalism as an approach for psychology. According to Cacioppo, Semin and Bertson (2004), the aim of instrumentalism is not to discover truth, but instead aims to construct intellectual structures that provide adequate predictions of what is observed (pp.217). Therefore, whilst not searching for the truth like realism or proving that instead everything that is th ought to be true is instead a social construction, like relativism, instrumentalism provides a way of predicting and describing what is observed rather than persistently debating whether what is observed is true or not. In a way, instrumentalism positions itself in between realism and relativism, it just utilises the observations without having to assume whether it is real or not. So, aside from realism and relativism, would this be a better approach for psychology? Instrumentalism would seem to be a compromise between the two approaches and so this could be the path psychology should pursue. As highlighted by New (1998), it seems relativism cannot be without realism and as highlighted by Edwards, Ashmore and Potter (1995) it is argued realism cannot be without relativism. Therefore, as the debate between realism and relativism can become blurred, it may be that instrumentalism is a more suitable approach to psychology. In conclusion, with no consensus between realists and relativis ts, it is unclear whether psychology should pursue the path of realism and relativism. As proposed by Cacioppo, Semin and Bertson (2004) an integrated approach between realism and instrumentalism may be the best approach for psychology. Word Count Excluding References : 2,847